System for applying pre-strain to an optical sensor

ABSTRACT

An apparatus has a chassis having a base. A first wall extends substantially perpendicularly from the base at a first edge of the base. The first wall is configured to be a first attachment point for an optical cable comprising one or more optical sensors. An opposing second wall extends substantially perpendicularly from the base at a second edge of the base. A mobile attachment point is configured to be a second attachment point for the optical cable. A spring is coupled to the second wall and the mobile attachment point. The spring is configured to provide a specified force as the mobile attachment point moves.

RELATED PATENT DOCUMENTS

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No.17/235,101, filed on Apr. 20, 2021, which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This application relates generally to techniques for structural healthmonitoring. The application also relates to components, devices,systems, and methods pertaining to such techniques.

BACKGROUND

Fiber optic (FO) sensors can be used for detecting parameters such asstrain, temperature, pressure, current, voltage, chemical composition,and vibration. FO sensors are attractive components because they arethin, lightweight, sensitive, robust to harsh environments, and immuneto electromagnetic interference (EMI) and electrostatic discharge. FOsensors can be arranged to simultaneously measure multiple parametersdistributed in space with high sensitivity in multiplexed configurationsover long optical fiber cables. One example of how this can be achievedis through fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors. A FBG sensor is formed bya periodic modulation of the refractive index along a finite length(typically a few mm) of the core of an optical fiber. This patternreflects a wavelength, called the Bragg wavelength, determined by theperiodicity of the refractive index modulation and the baseline index ofrefraction the fiber. The Bragg wavelength is sensitive to externalstimulus (strain and/or temperature, etc.) that changes the periodicityof the grating and/or the index of refraction of the fiber. Thus, FBGsensors rely on the detection of small wavelength changes in response tostimuli of interest. In some implementations, FO sensors can be attachedto structures and operated to detect parameters, e.g., strain,temperature, vibration, related to the health of the structures.

SUMMARY

Embodiments described herein involve an apparatus, comprising a chassishaving a base. A first wall extends substantially perpendicularly fromthe base at a first edge of the base. The first wall is configured to bea first attachment point for an optical cable comprising one or moreoptical sensors. An opposing second wall extends substantiallyperpendicularly from the base at a second edge of the base. A mobileattachment point is configured to be a second attachment point for theoptical cable. A spring is coupled to the second wall and the mobileattachment point. The spring is configured to provide a specified forceas the mobile attachment point moves.

Embodiments involve an apparatus, comprising a first side configured tobe a first attachment point for an optical cable comprising one or moreoptical sensors. An opposing second side is configured to be a secondattachment point for the optical cable. A pivot point is coupled to thefirst side and the second side. A first clamp is coupled to the firstwall and is configured to attach the optical fiber to the first wall. Asecond clamp is coupled to the second wall and is configured to attachthe optical fiber to the second wall. A screw extends between the firstside and the second side. Tightening the screw increases a tension ofthe optical fiber.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Throughout the specification reference is made to the appended drawingswherein:

FIG. 1A shows a wavelength multiplexed system can use a compensatedsensor array comprising multiple FBG sensors disposed on a singleoptical fiber in accordance with embodiments described herein;

FIG. 1B shows an optical fiber having too little pre-strain inaccordance with embodiments described herein;

FIG. 1C illustrates an optical fiber having to much pre-strain inaccordance with embodiments described herein;

FIG. 1D shows an optical fiber having a correct amount of pre-strain inaccordance with embodiments described herein;

FIGS. 2A-2D show an example system to apply a pre-strain to an opticalfiber in accordance with embodiments described herein;

FIG. 3 illustrates an example system that includes a bearing mechanismto provide the low or substantially no friction as the mobile attachmentpoint is moved between the first wall and the second wall in accordancewith embodiments described herein;

FIG. 4 illustrates the load versus deflection for a constant forcespring in accordance with embodiments described herein; and

FIGS. 5A and 5B show another example of a system to provide pre-strainto an optical fiber comprising two sides and a pivot point in accordancewith embodiments described herein.

The figures are not necessarily to scale. Like numbers used in thefigures refer to like components. However, it will be understood thatthe use of a number to refer to a component in a given figure is notintended to limit the component in another figure labeled with the samenumber.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Structural health monitoring is a large and growing field of study thataims to use sensors installed on assets, i.e., structures, to extractuseful information about the health or condition of those structures.According to various embodiments described herein, these assets arebuilt with the purpose of supporting loads. The assets can include anystructure that can be loaded with objects. For example, the asset mayinclude one or more of a road, a bridge, a runway, a port wharf, a cablestructures, and a rail structure. While many embodiments describedherein use the example of a bridge structure, it is to be understoodthat any of the methods and systems described herein can be applied toany type of structure that could benefit from structural healthmonitoring.

Some embodiments disclosed herein involve apparatuses for attachingfiber optic (FO) sensors to structures. Fiber optic sensors can bedeployed on various types of structures, e.g., bridges, roadways,railways, and electrical devices such as transformers, to monitor thestructural health of the structures. The disclosed embodiments canfacilitate mounting FO sensors to the structures in such a way thatstrain from the structures is transmitted to the sensors. The approachesdiscussed herein provide for attachment of FO sensors that is flexibleenough to attach the FO sensors to a variety of different substrates,e.g. concrete, metal, and wood. Repeatability of the attachment isdesired so that at least some or most of the FO sensors have the samepre-strain once attached. The disclosed attachment approaches can besimple and rapid to perform to facilitate the deployment of multiple FOsensors on a structure. Installing optical fibers on structures involvesextensive fiber handling during the install. Optical fibers are fragile,and breaks and/or tangles cost time, which is detrimental e.g. becauseroads must be shut down to service a structure.

Embodiments described herein are generally directed to installation ofsensors on an asset that may be used to monitor the condition and/orhealth of the asset. The sensors may be optical sensors disposed on anoptical fiber are optical sensors. For example, the sensors may be fiberBragg grating (FBG) strain sensors, Fabry Perot sensors, and/or otherinterferometric optical sensors. In some cases, the sensors may includeone or more of electrical and/or resistive sensors, mechanical sensors,and/or other types of strain gages. In some cases, a combination ofdifferent types of sensors may be used. Many embodiments describedherein use FBG sensors as an example, but the techniques described maybe applicable to other types of sensors as well.

Fiber optic sensors can simultaneously measure multiple parametersdistributed in space with high sensitivity in multiplexed configurationsover long FO cables. One example of how this can be achieved is throughfiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors. FIG. 1A shows a wavelengthmultiplexed system 800 can use a compensated sensor array comprisingmultiple FBG sensors 821, 822, 823 disposed on a single optical fiber811. The sensors 821-823 may be arranged to sense parameters includingone or more of temperature, strain, and/or vibration, for example. Asindicated in FIG. 1A, input light is provided by the light source 810,which may comprise or be a light emitting diode (LED) orsuperluminescent laser diode (SLD), for example. The spectralcharacteristic (intensity vs. wavelength) of broadband light is shown byinset graph 891. The intensity is highest near the middle of thespectrum and falls off at the spectrum edges. The sensors 821, 822, 823include compensation, e.g., one or more of different reflectivities anddifferent attenuations, that decreases the difference in the intensityof the output signal light reflected by the sensors to compensate forthe input light that is non-uniform in intensity, e.g., due to spectralnon-uniformity of the light source and/or scattering losses in theoptical fiber. The input light is transmitted via the fiber optic (FO)cable 811 to the first FBG sensor 821. The first FBG sensor 821 reflectsa portion of the light in a first wavelength band having a centralwavelength, λ1. Light having wavelengths other than within the firstwavelength band is transmitted through the first FBG sensor 821 to thesecond FBG sensor 822. The spectral characteristic of the lighttransmitted to the second FBG sensor 822 is shown in inset graph 892 andexhibits a notch 881 at the first wavelength band centered at λ1indicating that light in this wavelength band is reflected by the firstsensor 821.

The second FBG sensor 822 reflects a portion of the light in a secondwavelength band having a central wavelength, λ2. Light that is notreflected by the second FBG sensor 822 is transmitted through the secondFBG sensor 822 to the third FBG sensor 823. The spectral characteristicof the light transmitted to the third FBG sensor 823 is shown in insetgraph 893 and includes notches 881, 882 centered at λ1 and λ2.

The third FBG sensor 823 reflects a portion of the light in a thirdwavelength band having a central or peak wavelength, λ3. Light that isnot reflected by the third FBG sensor 823 is transmitted through thethird FBG sensor 823. The spectral characteristic of the lighttransmitted through the third FBG sensor 823 is shown in inset graph 894and includes notches 881, 882, 883 centered at λ1, λ2, and λ3.

Light in wavelength bands 861, 862, 863, having central wavelengths λ1,λ2 and λ3 (illustrated in inset graph 895) is reflected by the first,second, or third FBG sensors 821, 822, 823, respectively, along the FOcables 811 and 811′ to an the optical wavelength demultiplexer 850.Compensating input characteristics of sensors 821, 822, 823 cause thedifference in the intensity peaks of the light 861, 862, 863 to bereduced when compared to the intensity peaks from an uncompensatedsensor array.

From the wavelength demultiplexer 850, the sensor light 861, 862, 863may be routed to a wavelength shift detector 855 that generates anelectrical signal responsive to shifts in the central wavelengths λ1, λ2and λ3 and/or wavelength bands of the sensor light. The wavelength shiftdetector 855 receives reflected light from each of the sensors andgenerates corresponding electrical signals in response to the shifts inthe central wavelengths λ1, λ2 and λ3 or wavelength bands of the lightreflected by the sensors 821-823. The analyzer 856 may compare theshifts to a characteristic base wavelength (a known wavelength) todetermine whether changes in the values of the parameters sensed by thesensors 821-823 have occurred. The analyzer 856 may determine that thevalues of one or more of the sensed parameters have changed based on thewavelength shift analysis and may calculate a relative or absolutemeasurement of the change.

In some cases, instead of emitting broadband light, the light source mayscan through a wavelength range, emitting light in narrow wavelengthbands to which the various sensors disposed on the FO cable aresensitive. The reflected light is sensed during a number of sensingperiods that are timed relative to the emission of the narrowband light.For example, consider the scenario where sensors 1, 2, and 3 aredisposed on a FO cable. Sensor 1 is sensitive to a wavelength band(WB1), sensor 2 is sensitive to wavelength band WB2, and sensor 3 issensitive to WB3. The light source may be controlled to emit lighthaving WB1 during time period 1 and sense reflected light during timeperiod 1 a that overlaps time period 1. Following time period 1 a, thelight source may emit light having WB2 during time period 2 and sensereflected light during time period 2 a that overlaps time period 2.Following time period 2 a, the light source may emit light having WB3during time period 3 and sense reflected light during time period 3 athat overlaps time period 3. Using this version of time domainmultiplexing, each of the sensors may be interrogated during discretetime periods. When the intensity of the narrowband light sources varies,a compensated sensor array as discussed herein may be useful tocompensate for the intensity variation of the sources.

FBGs may involve using a specific amount of pre-strain to work properly.Too little strain and the fiber 110 may not be in tension as shown inFIG. 1B, which may reduce sensitivity of the sensors 120. If too muchstrain is used as shown in FIG. 1C, reflectivity peaks may be outsidethe range of the read-out system (850, 855, 856). Embodiments hereindescribe systems for repeatably providing a specific pre-strain to workcorrectly during mounting of a potentially large number of FBG sensors.FIG. 1D shows an example of a correct amount of pre-strain. Thismounting operation could be attaching fibers to an object, a structure,or a template.

FIGS. 2A-2D show an example system to apply a pre-strain to an opticalfiber in accordance with embodiments described herein. A chassis 200 isshown having a base 210. A first wall 220 and a second wall 230 arearranged on the same plane and at opposite ends of the base 210.According to various embodiments, one or both of the first wall 220 andthe second wall 230 are disposed substantially to extend substantiallyperpendicularly with respect to the base 210. One or both of the firstwall and the second wall may include an attachment mechanism fordetachably securing the optical fiber to the respective first and/orsecond wall. The attachment mechanism may include one or more of anadhesive mechanism, a magnetic mechanism, a vacuum mechanism, and amechanical clamping mechanism.

According to various embodiments described herein, the second wall 230is a fixed fiber attachment point. FIG. 2A shows an optical fiber 280having a plurality of sensors 285. The optical fiber 280 is temporarilyattached to the fixed fiber attachment point 230. In FIG. 2B, a spring290 is stretched to an extension that is within a specified force rangebetween the first wall 220 and the second wall 230. In some cases, thespring 290 is a flexure of the second wall 220. The spring 290 isconnected to the fixed attachment point 230 and to a mobile fiberattachment point 295. The mobile attachment point is disposed betweenthe first wall 220 and the second wall 230 and may be configured to movebetween the first wall 220 and the second wall 230. A low orsubstantially no friction mechanism 250 allows the mobile fiberattachment point 295 to move in a linear dimension with respect to thechassis 200 with low friction.

FIG. 2C shows an optical fiber 280 attached to the mobile attachmentpoint 295 with the optical fiber 280 in between the fixed attachmentpoint 230 and the mobile attachment point 295. Finally, the mobileattachment point 295 is released as shown in FIG. 2D and the spring 290exerts a restoring force that stretches the optical fiber 280 with aforce substantially equal to the restoring force of the spring 290. Therestoring force of the spring 290 may be proportional to the defectionof the spring 290. The specific restoring force of the spring 290 ischosen based on the optical fiber type to provide the desired pre-strainin the optical fiber. According to various embodiments described herein,the restoring force is in a range of about 0.1 N to about 10 N. In somecases, the restoring force is about 1 N. One or both of the restoringforce and the displacement of the second attachment point 295 isindicated by a dial, a display, and/or other type of indicator.

The constant force is the value [e.g., in newtons] of the force providedby a constant force spring when it is extended within its constant forcerange. The constant force value depends the design of the spring. Forexample, the constant force value depends on the material and/or thewinding radius of the constant force spring. The specified force is thedesired force to pre-strain the fiber by a desired amount. For apre-strain tool using a CFS, a CFS may be chosen that has a constantforced equal to the desired force.

For a pre-strain tool using a Hooke's law spring, the force or extensionneed to be set precisely, using an indicator, for example For a CFS, solong as the extension is within the constant force range, it is knownthat the constant force is being substantially achieved. we are gettingthe constant force.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example system that includes a bearing mechanismto provide the low or substantially no friction as the mobile attachmentpoint is moved between the first wall and the second wall in accordancewith embodiments described herein. In this example, the chassis 300includes a base 310 and a first wall 360 and a second wall 320 that arearranged at opposite ends of the base 310. An optical fiber 350 having aplurality of sensors 355. The optical fiber 320 is temporarily attachedto the first wall 360 that serves as a fixed fiber attachment point. Aspring 330 is stretched to an extension that is within a specified forcerange between the first wall 360 and the second wall 320. The spring 330is connected to the first wall 360 and to a mobile fiber attachmentpoint 340. The mobile attachment point 340 is disposed between the firstwall 360 and the second wall 320 and may be configured to move betweenthe first wall 360 and the second wall 320. A bearing mechanism 390allows the mobile fiber attachment point 340 to move in a lineardimension with respect to the chassis 300 with low friction.

According to various embodiments, the spring is a constant force spring(CFS). A CFS is a pre-tensioned metal strip where the restoring forcetends to make the strip curl up. The restoring force of a CFS issubstantially constant over a certain range of deflection. This type ofspring is commonly used in tape measures and other retractable reels.The CFS provides a repeatable way to set the fiber pre-strain. Becausethe CFS applies the same force anywhere within its constant force range,the position of the attachment points is not critical. So long as theFBG is between the two fiber attachment points, the FBG will be underthe same tension. This greatly relaxes the complexity of fiber handlingduring an install. FIG. 4 illustrates the load versus deflection for aconstant force spring in accordance with embodiments described herein.As can be observed, as the helical extension 410 increases, the CFSprovides a substantially constant force 420 after a deflection of 1×.

FIGS. 5A and 5B show another example of a system to provide pre-strainto an optical fiber in accordance with embodiments described herein.FIG. 5A shows tweezers having fiber clamps 560, 570. The clamps 560 570may be any type of removable clamp. For example, the clamps may be oneor more of an adhesive mechanism, a magnetic mechanism, a vacuummechanism, and a mechanical clamping mechanism. A micrometer screw 530is used to directly adjust the pre-strain of the optical fiber 540 thatis stretched between a first side 510 and a second side 520. The firstside 510 and the second side 520 are coupled via a pivot point 550. Thetool of FIGS. 5A and 5B may be configured to allow the optical fiber tobe put in contact with an installation surface for subsequent bonding. Adesired pre-strain is applied and after the fiber has been installed,the clamps 560, 570 can be released and the tool removed leaving thepre-strained fiber attached to the surface. A force or deflection sensormay be disposed between the micrometer screw 530 and the first side 510.The current pre-strain of the optical fiber 540 may be estimated basedon the force sensed by the force sensor. Some embodiments may have anencoder to assist with setting the desired pre-strain. According tovarious embodiments, it may be difficult to get the desired pre-strainwith the available screw. A reduction gear may make it easier for a userto get the desired pre-strain.

Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing feature sizes,amounts, and physical properties used in the specification and claimsare to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term“about.” Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numericalparameters set forth in the foregoing specification and attached claimsare approximations that can vary depending upon the desired propertiessought to be obtained by those skilled in the art utilizing theteachings disclosed herein. The use of numerical ranges by endpointsincludes all numbers within that range (e.g. 1 to 5 includes 1, 1.5, 2,2.75, 3, 3.80, 4, and 5) and any range within that range.

The various embodiments described above may be implemented usingcircuitry and/or software modules that interact to provide particularresults. One of skill in the computing arts can readily implement suchdescribed functionality, either at a modular level or as a whole, usingknowledge generally known in the art. For example, the flowchartsillustrated herein may be used to create computer-readableinstructions/code for execution by a processor. Such instructions may bestored on a computer-readable medium and transferred to the processorfor execution as is known in the art.

The foregoing description of the example embodiments have been presentedfor the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended tobe exhaustive or to limit the inventive concepts to the precise formdisclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light ofthe above teachings. Any or all features of the disclosed embodimentscan be applied individually or in any combination, not meant to belimiting but purely illustrative. It is intended that the scope belimited by the claims appended herein and not with the detaileddescription.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus, comprising: a first side configuredto be a first attachment point for an optical cable comprising one ormore optical sensors; an opposing second side configured to be a secondattachment point for the optical cable; a pivot point coupled to thefirst side and the second side; a first clamp coupled to the first sideconfigured to attach the optical fiber to the first side; a second clampcoupled to the second side configured to attach the optical fiber to thesecond side; and a screw extending between the first side and the secondside, wherein tightening the screw increases a tension of the opticalfiber and untightening the screw decreases the tension of the opticalfiber.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a force sensordisposed between the screw and one or both of the first side and thesecond side.
 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the force sensor isconfigured to measure a specified pre-strain applied to the opticalcable.
 4. The apparatus of claim 2, comprising an encoder configured tofacilitate application of a specified pre-strain to the optical cable.5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first and second clampscomprise mechanical clamping mechanisms.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein the first and second clamps comprise adhesive clampingmechanisms.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first and secondclamps comprise magnetic clamping mechanisms.
 8. The apparatus of claim1, wherein the first and second clamps comprise vacuum clampingmechanisms.
 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the screw comprises amicrometer screw.
 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the screw isarranged to cooperate with a reduction gear to change the tension of theoptical fiber.
 11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatusdefines a tweezers apparatus.
 12. An apparatus, comprising: a first sideconfigured to be a first attachment point for an optical cablecomprising one or more optical sensors; an opposing second sideconfigured to be a second attachment point for the optical cable; apivot point coupled to the first side and the second side, wherein thefirst side, the second side, and the pivot point define a tweezersapparatus; a first clamp coupled to the first side configured to attachthe optical fiber to the first side; a second clamp coupled to thesecond side configured to attach the optical fiber to the second side; ascrew extending between the first side and the second side, whereintightening the screw increases a tension of the optical fiber anduntightening the screw decreases the tension of the optical fiber; and aforce sensor disposed between the screw and one or both of the firstside and the second side.
 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein theforce sensor is configured to measure a specified pre-strain applied tothe optical cable.
 14. The apparatus of claim 12, comprising an encoderconfigured to facilitate application of a specified pre-strain to theoptical cable.
 15. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the first andsecond clamps comprise mechanical clamping mechanisms.
 16. The apparatusof claim 12, wherein the first and second clamps comprise adhesiveclamping mechanisms.
 17. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the firstand second clamps comprise magnetic clamping mechanisms.
 18. Theapparatus of claim 12, wherein the first and second clamps comprisevacuum clamping mechanisms.
 19. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein thescrew comprises a micrometer screw.
 20. The apparatus of claim 12,wherein the screw is arranged to cooperate with a reduction gear tochange the tension of the optical fiber.